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In The End of History and the Last Man, Francis Fukuyama argued that history was over because the world was converging toward societies of democratic capitalism. The book's thesis, much disputed when it was first published as an article in 1989, seems all the more dubious in the wake of September 11.
Now, in Our Posthuman Future, a volume likely to be similarly contested, he claims that biotechnology has brought about "the recommencement of history." By that he means that the biotechnological manipulation of human beings may well "move us into a 'posthuman' stage of history"--change human nature in ways that erode the foundations of the putative convergent political order.
Fukuyama brings to this exploration considerable philosophical knowledge, including a manifest respect for Nietzsche, a quotation from whom heads many of the book's chapters.
Despite his selectivity, Fukuyama concedes that human biotechnology holds "undisputed promise" and does not want to get rid of it. Yet he is unwilling to leave the biotechnological enterprise to its own devices, fearing, with good sense, that it is too driven by commerce and ambition to exercise self-restraint.
In the closing section of his book, he calls for a departure from free-market capitalism in biotechnology--national and internati